In this study, we investigated the relationship between common and rare genetic variants and the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) in a Russian cohort (544 unrelated PD patients and 433 controls). The specific objectives were to replicate genome-wide association study (GWAS) results, identify novel associations and analyze rare variants previously implicated in PD genes. Through an additive model of logistic regression, we analyzed the association between common genetic variants and PD risk, but no statistically significant associations were found in our cohort. Additionally, we explored the impact of rare variants within 50 genes located in known PD risk loci. By utilizing the ClinVar and CADD databases, we identified 10 rare pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants among PD patients. Notably, we discovered a novel mutation (p.E46K) in the SNCA gene, which had not been previously reported in the Russian population. This mutation was found in a patient with early-onset PD and a family history of the disease. Furthermore, we identified pathogenic variants in GBA (p.D409H) and LRRK2 (p.Gly2019Ser and p.Arg1441Cys) genes. The LRRK2 p.Gly2019Ser mutation was the most common in our cohort (2.4% of patients), corroborating findings from other studies. Additionally, we observed a compound carrier of two rare pathogenic heterozygous variants (p.Arg421Trp/p.Gly99Ser) in the MCCC1 gene, which had not previously been reported as associated with PD. Employing the SKAT-O method for statistical analysis of rare variants, we found nominal associations with PD in 15 genes, including for those identified pathogenic variants (GBA, LRRK2, MCCC1, NPC1, and SNCA). However, after adjusting for multiple testing, none of the rare variants showed a statistically significant association with PD. Therefore, further research is necessary to validate and replicate the findings from this study.